The Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan manufactured by General Motors. Introduced in 2005 as the successor to the Buick LeSabre, the Lucerne is powered by either a 3.8 liter V6 or a 4.6 liter V8 engine. It features a spacious interior with comfortable seating for up to five adults, as well as a generous cargo area. The Lucerne is also known for its smooth ride and quiet cabin, thanks to its advanced suspension system and extensive sound insulation. Other features include a long list of standard amenities, such as power windows and locks, cruise control, and a premium...
The Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan manufactured by General Motors. Introduced in 2005 as the successor to the Buick LeSabre, the Lucerne is powered by either a 3.8 liter V6 or a 4.6 liter V8 engine. It features a spacious interior with comfortable seating for up to five adults, as well as a generous cargo area. The Lucerne is also known for its smooth ride and quiet cabin, thanks to its advanced suspension system and extensive sound insulation. Other features include a long list of standard amenities, such as power windows and locks, cruise control, and a premium audio system. With its elegant design, impressive performance, and luxurious interior, the Buick Lucerne is a popular choice for those seeking a comfortable and reliable full-size sedan. It is a symbol of American luxury and engineering, consistently ranking high in customer satisfaction surveys.
The 2006 Buick Lucerne is a full-size sedan designed to offer a spacious, comfortable, and quiet driving experience. As Buick's flagship sedan, it replaced previous models like the LeSabre and Park Avenue, continuing the brand's heritage of refinement and a premium feel. The Lucerne is built on a derivative of the GM G-body platform and was manufactured in the USA. It offers a choice between a 3.8L V6 engine producing 205 horsepower or a more powerful 3.6L V6 engine with 275 horsepower, both paired with a 4-speed automatic transmission, with front-wheel drive standard and all-wheel drive available on select models. Known for its comfortable ride quality and quiet cabin, the Lucerne was positioned as a refined option for drivers seeking a smooth and spacious vehicle.
Welcome to the owner's manual for the 2007 Buick Lucerne, a full-size sedan designed for comfort, quietness, and refined driving. Building on Buick's heritage of producing luxurious and spacious American automobiles, the Lucerne offers a smooth ride and a well-appointed interior, making it an excellent choice for discerning drivers. This model, produced between 2006 and 2011, was engineered to provide a premium experience, featuring a choice of powerful yet efficient engines, including the 3.5L V6 and the optional 5.3L V8, coupled with a comfortable front-wheel-drive platform. Its distinctive styling and focus on passenger comfort positioned it as a strong contender in its segment.
The 2008 Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed to offer a comfortable, quiet, and spacious driving experience. Known for its exceptionally smooth ride, generous interior, and distinctive styling cues, the Lucerne appeals to those seeking refined American motoring. It was offered with a range of capable powertrain options, including robust V6 and V8 engines, providing ample performance for daily driving and long-distance cruising. Built in Detroit, this model represents a commitment to delivering a well-appointed and solid vehicle within its segment.
The 2005 Buick Lucerne, built on the GMT255 platform, represents Buick's commitment to producing a comfortable and refined full-size luxury sedan. Positioned as a flagship model, it offered a spacious interior and a smooth, quiet ride, appealing to buyers who valued traditional American luxury and comfort. This model was available with a choice of potent engines, including the 3.8L V6 and the more powerful 4.6L V8 Northstar, paired with electronically controlled automatic transmissions. Notable features included advanced safety systems and available premium technology, all contributing to a sophisticated driving experience.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2005 to 2012, is a full-size luxury sedan designed as a comfortable and quiet cruiser, replacing models like the Oldsmobile Aurora and Buick Park Avenue. Built on the GM G-body platform, it offered a refined driving experience with an emphasis on interior comfort and a smooth ride. Available with a range of V6 and V8 engines, including the 3.8L and 3.9L V6 and the 4.6L Northstar V8, the Lucerne provided ample power for its segment. It was primarily a front-wheel-drive vehicle, with all-wheel drive available on select configurations. The Lucerne competed in a segment with vehicles such as the Chrysler 300 and Toyota Avalon, aiming to deliver a quiet and serene motoring experience.
The 2006 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan engineered for comfortable and refined transportation, built on the GM Epsilon platform. It offers a spacious interior and a quiet ride, enhanced by Buick's QuietTuning technology. Available with a choice of a 3.8L V6 engine, including a supercharged variant, or a powerful 4.6L Northstar V8, the Lucerne was designed to compete in the premium sedan market. Notable features include a comfort-oriented suspension, advanced safety systems, and an available premium audio and navigation system. The 2006 model was recognized by Car and Driver on its 10Best list, specifically for the supercharged V6 variant.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2011, is a full-size luxury sedan renowned for its comfortable ride, spacious interior, and the availability of a powerful 4.6L Northstar V8 engine. Built on a shortened version of the GM G-body platform, shared with the Cadillac DTS, the Lucerne replaced the Buick LeSabre and Park Avenue. It offers a blend of refined comfort and substantial road presence, making it a notable competitor in its segment. Key features include a long wheelbase for enhanced stability, available premium audio, and optional navigation systems, contributing to its appeal as a relaxed and well-equipped vehicle.
The 2007 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed for consumers seeking a comfortable, spacious, and well-equipped American luxury vehicle. Built on the GMX335 platform, shared with models like the Cadillac DTS and Chevrolet Impala, the Lucerne offers a blend of traditional Buick comfort with updated styling and technology. It was available with a choice of two V6 engines: a 205 horsepower 3.8L V6 or a more powerful 233 horsepower 3.6L V6, both paired with a 4-speed automatic transmission and front-wheel drive. Known for its quiet ride and substantial interior, the Lucerne received high safety ratings, including 5 stars in frontal and side impact tests from the NHTSA.
The 2007 Buick Lucerne represents the second generation of this full-size luxury sedan, built on the GM G-body platform. Known for its comfort-oriented ride, spacious interior, and Buick's signature QuietTuning technology, the Lucerne offered a refined driving experience. This model was available with a choice of two distinct powertrains: the robust 3.8L V6 (L26) producing 205 horsepower and 230 lb-ft of torque, or the more powerful 4.6L Northstar V8 (LD8) delivering 275 horsepower and 295 lb-ft of torque. The Lucerne aimed to provide a blend of American comfort and available performance, positioning itself as a strong contender in its segment against vehicles like the Ford Crown Victoria and Chrysler 300.
The 2008 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan engineered to provide a comfortable and quiet driving experience, reflecting Buick's legacy of refined American motoring. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, shared with models like the Cadillac DTS and Chevrolet Impala, the Lucerne offers a choice between a robust 3.8L V6 engine producing 205 hp and 230 lb-ft of torque, or a more powerful 4.6L Northstar V8 generating 275 hp and 295 lb-ft of torque. Its spacious interior, with 106.3 cubic feet of passenger volume, and a smooth ride contribute to its positioning as a flagship sedan focused on comfort and traditional luxury, making it a compelling option for those seeking a serene and well-appointed vehicle.
This manual covers the 2008 Lucerne, a vehicle built on the GM Epsilon platform. The brand is recognized for its comfort and luxury, and the 2008 Lucerne continues this tradition, representing a modern large sedan. This comprehensive service and repair manual provides factory-level, highly detailed information, including complete rebuild instructions, ensuring that owners and technicians have access to accurate, vehicle-specific data for all repairs.
The 2009 Lucerne is a full-size sedan designed to offer a refined, comfortable, and quiet driving experience. As part of its second generation, this model continues Buick's heritage of producing well-appointed vehicles, targeting those who appreciate a smooth ride and spacious interior. Available with a choice of a 3.9L V6 or a 4.6L V8 engine, the Lucerne emphasizes a premium feel, with features such as available premium audio systems and advanced comfort controls. Its engineering prioritizes ride quality and cabin serenity, making it a strong contender in its segment for buyers seeking a traditional American luxury sedan.
The 2009 Buick Lucerne is a premium full-size sedan renowned for its comfortable, quiet, and refined ride, embodying Buick's legacy of luxury and value. Built on the GM G-Body platform, it offered a choice between a capable 3.8L V6 engine and a more powerful 4.6L Northstar V8, providing a smooth and composed driving experience. The Lucerne was designed to compete in a segment with notable rivals, emphasizing a spacious interior and a focus on driver and passenger comfort, making it a well-regarded choice for those seeking a traditional American luxury sedan.
The 2009 Buick Lucerne is a full-size, luxury-oriented sedan built on the GM Epsilon II platform, designed to provide comfortable, spacious, and refined transportation. This second-generation model offers a quiet cabin, a comfortable ride, and traditional styling, making it a compelling choice for buyers seeking a high-quality American luxury vehicle. With available engine options including a 3.8L V6, a 3.9L V6 with Variable Valve Timing, and a potent 4.6L V8 Northstar engine, the Lucerne delivers a smooth and capable driving experience. Its emphasis on passenger comfort and a quiet interior, combined with robust safety features such as standard front and rear side-curtain airbags and electronic stability control, underscores Buick's legacy of producing dependable and luxurious sedans.
The 2010 Lucerne is a full-size American sedan celebrated for its comfortable ride, spacious interior, and refined driving experience. Built on the robust G-body platform, it offers a choice between a capable 3.9L V6 engine and a more powerful 4.6L V8, delivering smooth performance suitable for everyday commuting and long-distance travel. Key features include available Magnetic Ride Control for enhanced handling, a quiet cabin, and a focus on luxury amenities, making it a strong contender in its market segment. Its engineering emphasizes reliability and a traditional American approach to comfort and build quality.
The 2010 Buick Lucerne is a full-size, front-wheel-drive luxury sedan built on the GM Epsilon platform, succeeding the Park Avenue and LeSabre. It was manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, and offered with a choice of 3.8L V6 or 3.9L V6 engines, providing comfortable and quiet transportation. The Lucerne was designed to compete with vehicles like the Ford Taurus, Toyota Avalon, Chrysler 300, and Nissan Maxima, often recognized for its comfortable ride quality and quiet cabin. Safety was a key consideration, with the 2010 model receiving 5-star ratings from NHTSA for frontal and side impacts, and a "Good" rating from IIHS for frontal offset.
The 2011 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed to offer a comfortable and refined driving experience. As part of its second generation, this model builds on Buick's heritage of providing vehicles with spacious interiors and a smooth ride. Key features include a quiet cabin, available premium amenities like Magnetic Ride Control, and a choice of a 3.9L V6 or a more powerful 4.6L V8 Northstar engine. With strong safety ratings, including 5-star NHTSA scores in multiple impact categories, and standard electronic stability control and anti-lock brakes, the Lucerne prioritizes occupant protection. Its comfortable dimensions, offering ample headroom and legroom in both front and rear seating areas, make it well-suited for long journeys and family use.
The 2011 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan that continued Buick's long-standing reputation for comfort, quietness, and refined driving. Designed to offer a spacious and smooth ride, it was a popular choice for those seeking a comfortable daily driver or a capable road trip vehicle. Available with a choice of a 3.9L V6 or a 4.6L V8 engine, the Lucerne provided a balance of power and efficiency for its segment. Its engineering focused on delivering a quiet cabin and a comfortable experience for occupants, making it a strong competitor in the luxury sedan market.
The 2011 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed for comfort and refinement, continuing Buick's legacy of producing well-equipped vehicles. Built on the G-body platform, it offered a spacious interior and a quiet ride, targeting a market segment that valued traditional American luxury. Available with a range of engine options, including 3.5L V6, 3.9L V6, and a powerful 5.3L V8, the Lucerne provided a smooth and capable driving experience. Its focus on comfort, alongside features like available premium audio and advanced safety systems, positioned it as a strong competitor in its class.
The 2012 Buick Lucerne is a premium full-size sedan engineered to deliver a comfortable, quiet, and luxurious driving experience. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, shared with models like the Cadillac DTS and Chevrolet Impala, the Lucerne offers a spacious interior and an elegant styling that appeals to those seeking traditional American comfort. Known for its smooth powertrain, comfortable ride, and quiet cabin, this sedan was designed to provide reliable performance and a premium feel, replacing the earlier Buick LeSabre and Park Avenue models.
The 2011 Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed for buyers seeking a comfortable, quiet, and spacious American driving experience. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, it offers a refined ride, particularly with the optional Magnetic Ride Control suspension. Available with a 3.9L V6 engine producing 227 horsepower or an optional 4.6L V8 Northstar engine delivering 292 horsepower, the Lucerne provides smooth performance for daily commuting and long-distance travel. Its interior emphasizes upscale materials and a tranquil cabin environment, making it a competitive choice in its segment against other large luxury sedans of its time.
The Buick Lucerne, produced for the 2006, 2007, and 2008 model years, represents a full-size luxury sedan designed for the North American market. Known for its comfortable ride quality and refined interior, the Lucerne offered a choice between a 3.8L V6 engine producing approximately 205 horsepower and a more potent 4.6L Northstar V8 engine generating around 275 horsepower in the CXS trim. These engines, paired with 4-speed automatic transmissions (4T65-E for V6, 4T80-E for V8), provided a smooth and capable driving experience. The vehicle’s heritage is rooted in Buick’s long-standing reputation for producing quiet, comfortable sedans. Key safety features included front and side airbags, Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), and available StabiliTrak stability control, contributing to good crash test ratings for its time.
This manual covers the Buick Lucerne, a full-size luxury sedan produced from 2006 to 2009. Built on the GM G platform, the Lucerne is recognized for its comfort-oriented design, spacious interior, and quiet ride, offering a choice between a 3.8L V6 and a 4.6L Northstar V8 engine. Key features include front-wheel drive as standard, with all-wheel drive available on select models, along with advanced safety features such as a 5-star NHTSA rating in all tested categories and optional StabiliTrak. The Lucerne was designed to appeal to luxury sedan buyers, fleet operators, and those seeking a refined driving experience, competing with vehicles like the Lincoln Town Car and Cadillac DTS.
Welcome to the comprehensive service and repair manual for the Buick Lucerne, produced between 2006 and 2009. This full-size luxury sedan, built on the GM G-body platform, offers a comfortable and quiet ride, spacious interiors, and a choice of capable V6 and V8 engines. Known for its smooth performance and premium features, the Lucerne was designed to provide an elevated driving experience, competing with other luxury sedans of its era. Its engineering emphasizes reliability and occupant comfort, making it a distinguished choice for discerning drivers.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2011, is a full-size luxury sedan built on the GM G platform. It was engineered to offer a comfortable, quiet, and spacious driving experience, reflecting Buick's legacy of refined American motoring. The Lucerne was available with two distinct engine options: the reliable 3.8L V6 (L36) and the more powerful 4.6L V8 Northstar engine. Its design focused on ride quality and amenities, competing with other large sedans of its time. With a strong emphasis on safety, the Lucerne received 5-star ratings from NHTSA for front and side impacts and came standard with traction control and anti-lock brakes, alongside various airbag systems.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2011, represents a distinguished American sedan celebrated for its refined comfort, quiet operation, and smooth ride. This model offered a choice between a robust 3.8L V6 engine and a more powerful 4.6L Northstar V8, providing distinct driving experiences. Notable features such as StabiliTrak stability control and the optional Magnetic Ride Control contributed to its sophisticated appeal. Positioned as a premium vehicle, the Lucerne emphasized a spacious interior and a tranquil cabin environment, often equipped with advanced technology like the Bose audio system and telematics, making it a compelling option in its segment.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 through 2011, is a full-size luxury sedan renowned for its spacious interior, comfortable ride, and quiet cabin. Built on the GM G platform, it offered drivers a refined driving experience, a key selling point in its segment. The Lucerne was available with a range of V6 and V8 engine options, including the 3.8L V6, 3.5L V6, and the powerful 4.6L Northstar V8, with front-wheel drive standard and all-wheel drive available on select models. Its commitment to comfort and upscale features made it a notable contender, offering a serene environment for passengers.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2011, is a full-size sedan designed for buyers seeking comfort and refinement. Built on the GM G-body platform, it offered a spacious interior, a comfortable ride, and a quiet cabin, often highlighted by its available premium sound system and dual-zone automatic climate control. Available with 3.8L V6 and 3.9L V6 engine options, paired with a 4-speed automatic transmission, the Lucerne was engineered to provide a smooth and luxurious driving experience, serving as Buick's flagship sedan during its production years.
The 2007 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed for comfort and refinement, succeeding the LeSabre and Park Avenue models. Built on the GM G platform, shared with the Cadillac DTS, it offered a choice between a 3.8L V6 engine producing approximately 205 hp and a 4.6L V8 Northstar engine ranging from 275 to 292 hp, both paired with automatic transmissions. Known for its quiet ride and comfortable interior, the Lucerne was manufactured at the Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly Plant in Michigan. It featured standard safety equipment such as anti-lock brakes and traction control, with available stability control and side airbags, earning high ratings from NHTSA and IIHS.
The Buick Lucerne, produced for the 2009, 2010, and 2011 model years, was a premium full-size sedan celebrated for its comfort, quiet operation, and refined driving experience. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, it offered a spacious interior and a smooth ride, often equipped with advanced features like optional Magnetic Ride Control and powerful V6 and V8 engine options, including the 3.9L V6 and the 4.6L Northstar V8. The Lucerne was positioned as Buick's flagship, competing with other luxury sedans of its era and earning praise for its safety, with high ratings from organizations like NHTSA and IIHS.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2011, is a full-size luxury sedan renowned for its exceptionally quiet and comfortable ride. Positioned to compete with other premium sedans, the Lucerne offered a refined driving experience, often featuring advanced comfort systems like optional Magnetic Ride Control. Buyers could choose between the capable 3.8L V6 engine or the more powerful 4.6L Northstar V8, both paired with automatic transmissions. Built with a focus on traditional American luxury, the Lucerne was assembled in Detroit, Michigan, and consistently earned high safety ratings, underscoring its appeal as a secure and comfortable vehicle.
The Buick Lucerne, a full-size luxury sedan produced for the 2005 model year, is renowned for its exceptional comfort, refined interior, and smooth ride, often enhanced by advanced systems like Magnetic Ride Control. Building on Buick's legacy of producing quiet and well-appointed vehicles, the Lucerne offers a spacious cabin with premium materials and available features such as heated and cooled seats and dual-zone automatic climate control. It was positioned as Buick's flagship sedan, succeeding models like the LeSabre and Park Avenue, and was available with potent V6 and V8 engine options, delivering a balanced blend of performance and efficiency.
The 2006 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed for comfort and refinement, targeting mature buyers seeking a traditional American luxury car experience. Replacing the LeSabre and Park Avenue, the Lucerne builds on Buick's legacy of producing well-equipped vehicles with spacious interiors and smooth ride quality. It was offered with a choice of V6 or V8 engines, prioritizing effortless power delivery. Key features include its quiet cabin, comfortable seating, and a platform shared with other GM full-size sedans, positioning it as a strong competitor in its segment.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2011, is a full-size luxury sedan designed for a comfortable and quiet driving experience. Built on the C-Body platform, it offered a spacious interior and a smooth ride, often enhanced by optional Magnetic Ride Control. The Lucerne provided a range of powerful engine options, including V6 and V8 configurations, ensuring confident performance for its intended role as a refined American cruiser. Its engineering focused on delivering a blend of comfort, quietness, and robust power, making it a compelling choice in its market segment.
The Buick Lucerne, produced for the 2006 through 2009 model years, is a full-size luxury sedan engineered for comfort, quietness, and a refined driving experience. Built on an updated GM G-Body platform, this vehicle embodies Buick's legacy of producing spacious, well-appointed, and reliable American automobiles. Available with a choice of the robust 3.8L V6 or the powerful 4.6L Northstar V8 engine, the Lucerne offers a smooth ride and a quiet cabin, making it an ideal choice for those prioritizing traditional American luxury and a relaxed driving demeanor. Its engineering quality is evident in its stable handling and comfortable interior, designed to provide a serene environment for all occupants.
The 2007 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed to offer a comfortable and quiet ride, building on Buick's heritage of producing well-equipped American vehicles. Sharing its platform with the Cadillac DTS, the Lucerne was engineered with a focus on smooth power delivery, available with naturally aspirated and supercharged V6 engines, as well as a powerful V8 option. Its spacious interior, generous legroom, and comfortable seating make it well-suited for long-distance travel and daily commuting, positioning it competitively against other large sedans of its era.
The 2008 Buick Lucerne is a full-size sedan renowned for its comfortable ride, spacious interior, and refined driving experience. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, this model offers a choice between a robust 3.8L V6 engine, available in naturally aspirated and supercharged variants, and the powerful 4.6L Northstar V8. Key features include available StabiliTrak stability control, magnetic ride control, heated and ventilated seats, and extensive sound deadening for a remarkably quiet cabin. The Lucerne was engineered to deliver American luxury and comfort, making it a compelling option in its segment.
The Buick Lucerne 2009 is a full-size sedan renowned for its comfortable ride, spacious interior, and quiet cabin, embodying Buick's heritage of refined American luxury. This model, part of the first generation (2006-2011), offered a choice between a capable 3.9L V6 engine and a more powerful 4.6L V8 Northstar engine, providing ample performance for everyday driving and longer journeys. Its engineering prioritizes occupant comfort and a smooth driving experience, making it a notable contender in its segment, competing with other large sedans of the era. Key features include a comfort-oriented suspension, optional luxury and technology amenities, and a generous trunk volume, all contributing to its appeal as a practical and upscale vehicle.
The 2010 Buick Lucerne is a full-size luxury sedan designed to offer a comfortable and spacious driving experience, continuing Buick's legacy of refined American motoring. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, shared with models like the Cadillac DTS and Chevrolet Impala, the Lucerne distinguishes itself with a quiet interior, a smooth ride, and the availability of a powerful Northstar 4.6L V8 engine. Its distinctive styling and focus on occupant comfort made it a compelling choice in its market segment, competing with vehicles such as the Ford Crown Victoria and Toyota Avalon.
The 2011 Buick Lucerne is a full-size sedan renowned for its comfortable ride, spacious interior, and powerful engine options, including the 3.9L V6 and the 4.6L Northstar V8. As the final model year for this generation, the Lucerne continued to represent Buick's heritage of building refined and quiet vehicles, targeting buyers who appreciated a traditional American luxury cruiser. Its design prioritized passenger comfort and a smooth driving experience, making it a capable and pleasant vehicle for daily commuting and longer journeys.
The 2012 Buick Lucerne is a full-size sedan renowned for its comfortable ride, spacious interior, and refined American luxury. Built on the GM Epsilon II platform, this model offers a choice between a 3.9L V6 engine producing 233 horsepower and a more potent 4.6L V8 Northstar engine delivering 292 horsepower, both paired with smooth automatic transmissions. Its design prioritizes a quiet cabin and a pleasant driving experience, making it a strong contender in its segment. The Lucerne's engineering emphasizes reliability and driver comfort, further enhanced by a suite of safety features including standard traction control, stability control, and comprehensive airbag systems, contributing to its excellent safety ratings.
The Buick Lucerne, a full-size luxury sedan produced from 2006 to 2009, represents a period of refined comfort and dependable performance in Buick's North American market presence. This generation of the Lucerne offered a smooth driving experience, catering to those who value a spacious interior and a comfortable ride. With a focus on engineering quality and reliability, the Lucerne was designed to provide a high level of driver and passenger satisfaction, making it a notable choice for daily commuting and longer journeys.
The Buick Lucerne, produced from 2006 to 2009, is a full-size luxury sedan built on the GM Epsilon platform. Designed as a successor to the LeSabre and Park Avenue, it emphasizes a quiet ride, comfort, and a spacious interior, competing with models like the Ford Taurus and Chevrolet Impala. The Lucerne was offered with a choice of V6 and V8 engine options, including the 3.8L V6 and the more powerful 5.3L V8, both paired with a 4-speed automatic transmission. Its engineering prioritizes refinement and a smooth driving experience, making it a capable and comfortable vehicle for daily use and longer journeys.